麻豆传媒

Roles and Responsibilities

Chair of the Board of Studies for Biology and Marine Science Undergraduate degree programmes

Qualifications

• B. Sc.(Hons 1st Class) Uni. Wales, Bangor
• Ph. D. 麻豆传媒

Previous Positions

• 2005-6. Marine Biology Teaching Fellow, 麻豆传媒
• 2004. NSERC Postdoctoral Fellowship (University of Calgary and Environment Canada)
• 2003-4. Research Associate, 麻豆传媒, Soil Association Scotland.

Memberships

Research Interests

My research interests and activities are broad in nature. The main research themes are described below.

Algae Biotechnology

I am active in developing algae (both micro- and macroalgae) as sources of marine biofuels and bioactive products. A current focus is the development and application of functional living biocomposites for a range of biotechnology and ecosystem services applications, primarily for CO2 capture and wastewater remediation, working in partnership with Northumbrian Water Ltd and Northumbria University.

Chemical Ecology

I have long standing interests related to plant, animal and microbial interactions which are mainly modulated by chemically driven processes, e.g. production of toxic metabolites (e.g. polyunsaturated aldehydes) and/or the production of non-toxic but otherwise biologically active compounds. I am especially interested in the role of algal-derived compounds in structuring aquatic food webs. 

Ecotoxicology and Marine Venoms

I am interested in the biological response of organisms following exposure to xenobiotics and marine venoms, particularly where multiple stressors are involved.

Current Postgraduate Supervision

• Chineze Agatha Agbanelo (PhD) - Biocomposite systems for enhanced sustainable phycocyanin production. Co-supervised with Dr Jonathan Lee.
• Chi-Yen Hsieh (PhD) - The harbour ragworm Hediste diversicolor as a bioremediator. Co-supervised with Dr Isabel Smallegange.
• Matthew Pickersgill (PhD) - Microalgae and wastewater treatment: an industrial case study. Co-supervised with Dr Jon Lee.
• Tafara Gomba (PhD) - Building a Digital Twin of the Tees Estuary to evaluate the resilience of nature-based solutions for nutrient (N & P) capture.

Completed PhDs:

Dr Sarah Alsaif 2026 Sustainable synthesis of macroalgae-derived selenium nanoparticles for antimycobacterial application;

Dr Iain Hope 2025 Exploring the intricacies of Rubisco expression and evolution across marine ecosystems and its ability to enhance photosynthesis in key agricultural crops;

Dr Sakinah Alhaddad 2024 The effect of environmental and anthropogenic conditions on shaping the host-microbiome of the breadcrumb sponge Halichondria panicea;

Dr Assia Crawford 2023 Living building practice - designing for a post-anthropocene era;

Dr Chloe Eastabrook 2023 Applying an integrated ecotoxicological approach to assess stress from exposure to trace metals and UVB radiation;

Dr Johanna Weston 2021 Diversity and biodiversity of hadal Amphipoda;

Dr Pichaya In-na 2021 Living microalgae-textile and cyanobacteria-loofah biocomposites for intensified carbon capture, utilisation and storage;

Dr Salihu Musa 2021 Process intensification of biodiesel production from algae using foam flotation column;

Dr Leila Zhang 2019 Renewable energy-assessment of pretreatment and co-digestion strategies to optimize methane production from microalgae;

Dr Abbas Umar 2019 The screening, fabrication and production of microalgae biocomposites for carbon capture and utilisation;

Dr Muayad Al-karawi 2018 Development and intensification of a foam flotation system in harvesting microalgae for biofuel;

Dr Sana Akram Butt 2018 Toxicity of engineered nanoparticles to marine bivalve molluscs;

Dr Adibi Rahiman Md. Nor 2018 The effect of seaweed aquaculture cooperatives on sustainable livelihoods in Malaysia; 

Dr Georgina Robinson 2017 Microbial-deposit feeder aquaculture bioremediation systems;

Dr Rebecca Martin 2017 The adhesion of the barnacle Elminius modestus (Darwin) to fouling-release coatings;

Dr Chelsea Brain 2017 Bioprocessing in microalgae;

Dr Norlaila Mohd Zanuri 2016 The effects of environmental contaminants and ocean acidification on reproductive success in marine invertebrates;

Dr Guang Gao 2016 Developing systems for the commercial culture of Ulva species in the UK;

Dr Alanoud Rawdhan 2015 Ultrastructural studies of micro-algae in infochemical manipulated mass culture;

Dr Helen Graham 2014 Determining the impacts of ocean acidification on reproductive and developmental fitness of marine invertebrates;

Dr Supanut Pairohakul 2013 Evidence for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in the ragworm (Nereis virens) and the lugworm (Arenicola marina);

Dr Alessandra Gallina 2012 The role of polyunsaturated aldehydes in the life and biology of the marine diatom Skeletonema marinoi in culture and in situ; 

Dr Hilary Redden 2012 Seasonal aspects relating to the potential use of macroalgae as biofuel;

Dr Thea Coward 2012 Foam fractionation: an effective technology for harvesting microalgae biomass;

Dr Susan Fitzer 2012 Multigenerational effects of CO2-induced ocean acidification on the copepod Tisbe battagliai;

Dr Helen Pagett 2012 Characterising glycans involved in barnacle gregariousness;

Dr Hannah Dunston 2008 Impacts of algal biotoxins on the freshwater survival of Atlantic salmon;

Dr Rebecca Taylor 2007 The role of diatom aldehydes in the benthos: grazing defence or diatom signal molecule?

Completed MPhils:

Jess Sennett-Seale 2026 Using Cassiopea xamachana (Bigelow) as an alternative to coral in cnidarian-algal symbiosis, a study using δ13C, δ15N, and C:N ratios as nutrition indicators, and husbandry recommendations for their care;

Robin Kaur 2026 Developing an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) risk assessment using microalgae;

Alexander Johnson 2025 Development of an open-source sensing system for the measurement of dissolved CO2 throughout a microalgal photobioreactor;

Darcy MacDonald 2025 Changes in the Cassiopea xamachana venom transcriptome when deprived of carbon from their photosymbiont alga;

Ellie Ould 2023 Growth, detrital production and breakdown of the brown algae, Laminaria digitata, in northeast England, UK;

Matthew Walker 2022 Identification, characterisation and application of novel microalgae, immobilised in optimised biocomposites, for the purpose of bioremediating industrial wastewater;

Rachel Hart 2021 Cyanobacteria biocomposites for in situ treatment of domestic wastewater;

Leah Brown 2020 The biogeography of gut microbiomes associated with hadal amphipods from the Mariana, Izu-Bonin and Kermadec trenches;

Paul Whitworth 2019 Microbial ecology of seaweed-fed anaerobic digesters; 

Ilaria Spiga 2018 Effects of anthropogenic noise on marine fish and invertebrates;

Lucy Gorman 2018 Assessment of the bioactivity of venom from the lesser weever (Echiichthys vipera) in alternative animal models;

Emily O'Hara 2018 Exploring temperature sensitivity of nematocysts and the expression of toxin genes in the sea anemone Actinia equina, with preliminary analysis of the specificity of intracapsular fluid/venom composition;

Josh Raine 2017 Responses of the diatom, Navicula incerta, to intra-specific signals and nutrient availability;

Esteem Indicators

Associate Editor for .

Editorial Board for

Undergraduate Teaching

• NES1501 Marine Biology
• NES1503 The Marine Environment (Co-Module Leader)
• NES1504 Skills for the Biosciences
• NES2502 Applied Marine Biology (Module Leader)
• NES2504 Academic and Employability Skills
• NES2505 Marine Practical Skills II
• NES3309 Current Research in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
• NES3501 Advanced Marine Research Topics 1 (Marine Poisons, Venoms and Toxins) (Module Leader)
• NES3504 Global Marine Science
• NES3505 Research Project 

• Articles

  • Constantinou LA, Kaur RN, Caldwell GS. . Applied Sciences 2026, 16(10), 4741.
  • Al-Haddad S, Caldwell GS, Clare AS. . Aquatic Sciences 2025, 87, 6.
  • In-na P, Byrne F, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. . Algal Research 2022, 66, 102781.
  • In-Na P, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. . Journal of Industrial Textiles 2022, 51(4_suppl), 5683S-5707S.
  • In-na P, Sharp E, Caldwell GS, Unthank M, Perry J, Lee JGM. . Scientific Reports 2022, 12, 18735.
  • Crawford A, In-na P, Caldwell G, Armstrong R, Bridgens B. . Architectural Science Review 2022, 65(3), 185-195.
  • Pairohakul S, Olive PJW, Bentley MG, Caldwell GS. . Marine Biology 2021, 168(5), 67.
  • Hart R, In-na P, Kapralov MV, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. . Journal of Applied Phycology 2021, 33, 1525-1540.
  • Stefanova A, In-na P, Caldwell GS, Bridgens B, Armstrong R. . Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 2021, 28(1), 223-236.
  • Gorman LM, Judge SJ, Harris JB, Caldwell GS. . Toxicon 2021, 194, 63-69.
  • Alkarawi MAS, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. . Algal Research 2021, 61, 102558.
  • Alkarawi MAS, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. . Algal Research 2021, 54, 102203.
  • In-na P, Umar AA, Wallace AD, Flickinger MC, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. . Journal of CO2 Utilization 2020, 42, 101348.
  • Song Y, Xie L, Lee YK, Brede DA, Lyne F, Kassaye Y, Thaulow J, Caldwell G, Salbu B, Tollefsen KE. . Science of the Total Environment 2020, 705, 135912.
  • Eastabrook CL, Whitworth P, Robinson G, Caldwell GS. . Life 2020, 10(3), 29.
  • Zhang Y, Caldwell GS, Blythe PT, Zealand AM, Li S, Edwards S, Xing J, Goodman P, Whitworth P, Sallis PJ. . RSC Advances 2020, 10(61), 37391-37408.
  • Stefanova A, Bridgens B, In-na P, Caldwell GS, Armstrong R. . Technology | Architecture + Design 2020, 4(2), 200-210.
  • Nor AM, Gray TS, Caldwell GS, Stead SM. . Journal of Applied Phycology 2020, 32, 2161-2171.
  • Zhang Y, Caldwell GS, Sallis PJ. . Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2019, 7(1), 102917.
  • Zhang Y, Caldwell GS, Sallis PJ. . IET Renewable Power Generation 2019, 13(10), 1701-1710.
  • Zhang Y, Caldwell GS, Zealand AM, Sallis PJ. . Biochemical Engineering Journal 2019, 143, 91-100.
  • Ekins-Coward T, Boodhoo K, Velasquez-Orta S, Caldwell G, Wallace A, Barton R, Flickinger MC. . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2019, 58(15), 5936-5949.
  • Robinson G, Caldwell GS, Jones CLW, Stead SM. . Aquaculture 2018, 499, 101-108.
  • Umar A, Caldwell GS, Lee JM. . Algal Research 2018, 29, 337–342.
  • O'Hara EP, Caldwell GS, Bythell J. . Toxicon 2018, 153, 12-16.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Chatzidimitriou E, Rose C, Caldwell GS. . Food Chemistry 2018, 258, 71-78.
  • Alkarawi MAS, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. . Algal Research 2018, 36, 125-138.
  • Robinson G, MacTavish T, Savage C, Caldwell GS, Jones CLW, Probyn T, Eyre BD, Stead SM. . Biogeosciences 2018, 15(6), 1863–1878.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell G. . Global Change Biology Bioenergy 2018, 10(1), 39-51.
  • Brown LR, Caldwell GS. . Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 2017, 61(2), 90-96.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell GS. . Algal Research 2017, 24(Part A), 64-71.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell GS. . Aquaculture 2017, 473, 246-250.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell GS. . Environmental and Experimental Botany 2017, 139, 14–22.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell GS. . Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017, 114(1), 439-447.
  • Zanuri NM, Bentley MG, Caldwell GS. . Marine Environmental Research 2017, 127, 126-136.
  • Spiga I, Aldred N, Caldwell GS. . Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017, 122(1-2), 297-305.
  • Graham H, Rastrick SPS, Findlay HS, Bentley MG, Widdicombe S, Clare AS, Caldwell G. . ICES Journal of Marine Science 2016, 73(3), 783-790.
  • Robinson G, Caldwell GS, Wade MJ, Free A, Jones CLW, Stead SM. . Scientific Reports 2016, 6, 38850.
  • Emami K, Nelson A, Hack E, Zhang JW, Green DH, Caldwell GS, Mesbahi E. . Frontiers in Microbiology 2016, 7, 104.
  • Nor AM, Gray TS, Caldwell GS, Stead SM. . Journal of Applied Phycology 2016, 29(5), 2323–2337.
  • Coward T, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. . Journal of Applied Phycology 2015, 27(2), 733-742.
  • Robinson G, Caldwell GS, Jones CLW, Slater MJ, Stead SM. . Aquaculture Environment Interactions 2015, 8, 1-13.
  • Emami K, Hack E, Nelson A, Brain CM, Lyne FM, Mesbahi E, Day JG, Caldwell GS. . Scientific Reports 2015, 5, 10036.
  • Coward T, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. . Biomass and Bioenergy 2014, 67, 354-362.
  • Hinks J, Edwards S, Sallis PJ, Caldwell GS. . Bioresource Technology 2013, 143, 221-230.
  • Fitzer SC, Caldwell GS, Clare AS, Upstill-Goddard RC, Bentley MG. . PLoS One 2013, 8(8), e71257.
  • Gabilondo R, Graham H, Caldwell GS, Clare AS. . Biofouling 2013, 29(7), 869-878.
  • Coward T, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. . Algal Research 2013, 2(2), 135-144.
  • Fitzer SC, Bishop JDD, Caldwell GS, Clare AS, Upstill-Goddard RC, Bentley MG. . Journal of Crustacean Biology 2012, 32(5), 685-692.
  • Taylor RL, Rand JD, Caldwell GS. . Marine Biotechnology 2012, 14(6), 774-781.
  • Taylor RL, Caldwell GS, Olive PJW, Bentley MG. . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2012, 413, 30-37.
  • Pagett HE, Abrahams JL, Bones J, O'Donoghue N, Marles-Wright J, Lewis RJ, Harris JR, Caldwell GS, Rudd PM, Clare AS. . Journal of Experimental Biology 2012, 215(7), 1192-1198.
  • Wright S, Caldwell GS, Clare AS. . Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 2012, 56(1), 79-85.
  • Fitzer S, Caldwell GS, Close AJ, Clare AS, Upstill-Goddard RC, Bentley MG. . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2012, 418-419, 30-36.
  • Ianora A, Bentley MG, Caldwell GS, Casotti R, Cembella AD, Engstrom-Ost J, Halsband C, Sonnenschein E, Legrande C, Llewellyn CA, Paldaviciene A, Pilkaityte R, Pohnert G, Razinkovas A, Romana G, Tilman U, Vaiciute R. . Marine Drugs 2011, 9(9), 1625-1648.
  • Caldwell GS, Fitzer S, Gillespie CS, Pickavance G, Turnbull E, Bentley MG. . Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 2011, 55(4), 217-221.
  • Caldwell GS, Lewis C, Pickavance G, Taylor RL, Bentley MG. . Aquatic Toxicology 2011, 104(1-2), 126-134.
  • Simon CA, Bentley MG, Caldwell GS. . Aquaculture 2010, 310(1-2), 52-60.
  • Smith THE, Caldwell GS. . Journal of Marine Biology 2009, 2009, Article ID 861590.
  • Taylor RL, Caldwell GS, Dunstan HJ, Bentley MG. . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2007, 341(1), 60-69.
  • Taylor RL, Caldwell GS, Bentley MG. . Aquatic Toxicology 2005, 74(1), 20-31.
  • Caldwell GS, Lewis C, Olive PJW, Bentley MG. . Marine Environmental Research 2005, 59(5), 405-417.
  • Paffenhofer GA, Ianora A, Miralto A, Turner JT, Kleppel GS, Ribera D'Alcala M, Casotti R, Caldwell GS, Pohnert G, Fontana A, Muller-Navarra D, Jonasdottir S, Armbrust V, Bamstedt U, Ban S, Bentley MG, Boersma M, Bundy M, Buttino I, Calbet A, Carlotti F, Carotenuto Y, D'Ippolito G, Frost B, Guisande C, Lampert W, Lee RF, Mazza S, Mazzocchi MG, Nejstgaard JC, Poulet SA, Romano G, Smetacek V, Uye S, Wakeham S, Watson S, Wichard T. . Marine Ecology Progress Series 2005, 286, 293-305.
  • Caldwell GS, Watson SB, Bentley MG. . Journal of Plankton Research 2004, 26(12), 1369-1377.
  • Caldwell GS, Bentley MG, Olive PJW. . Marine Ecology Progress Series 2004, 273, 97-108.
  • Lewis C, Caldwell GS, Bentley MG, Olive PJW. . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2004, 304(1), 1-16.
  • Caldwell GS, Bentley MG, Olive PJW. . Toxicon 2003, 42(3), 301-306.
  • Caldwell GS, Olive PJW, Bentley MG. . Aquatic Toxicology 2002, 60(1-2), 123-137.

• Book Chapters

  • Crawford A, Humanes A, Caldwell G, Guest J, van der Steeg E. . In: Hvejsel MF; Cruz PJS, ed. Structures and Architecture: A Viable Urban Perspective?. London: CRC Press, 2022, pp.458-466.
  • Armstrong R, Ferracina S, Caldwell G, Ieropoulos I, Rimbu G, Adamatzky A, Phillips N, De Lucrezia D, Imhof B, Hanczyc MM, Nogales J, Garcia J. . In: Heisel, F; Hebel, D, ed. Cultivated Building Materials: Industrialized Natural Resources for Architecture and Construction. Berlin, Germany: Birkhauser, 2017, pp.170-177.
  • Watson SB, Caldwell G, Pohnert G. . In: Arts, M.T., Brett, M.T., Kainz, M.J, ed. Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009, pp.65-92.

• Conference Proceedings (inc. Abstracts)

  • Spiga I, Caldwell GS, Bruintjes R. . In: Fourth International Conference on the Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life. 2016, Dublin, Ireland: Acoustical Society of America.
  • Tsaousis P, Wang Y, Roskilly AP, Caldwell GS. . In: 6th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE2014. 2014, Taipei City, Taiwan: Elsevier.

• Patent

  • Brain CM, Caldwell GS. . PCT/GB2015/050183, 27/01/2015.

• Reviews

  • Ould E, Caldwell GS. . CABI Reviews 2022, 17(009).
  • Caldwell GS, In-na P, Hart R, Sharp E, Stefanova A, Pickersgill M, Walker M, Perry J, Lee JGM. . Energies 2021, 14(9), 2566.
  • Gorman LM, Judge SJ, Fezai M, Jemaa M, Harris JB, Caldwell GS. . Toxicon: X 2020, 6, 100025.
  • Caldwell GS, Pagett HE. . Marine Biotechnology 2010, 12(3), 241-252.
  • Caldwell GS. . Marine Drugs 2009, 7(3), 367-400.