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Staff Profile

Professor Pip Moore

Professor of Marine Science

  • Personal Website:
  • Address: Twitter: @Pippa_J_Moore
Background

I am a marine community ecologist who is interested in all aspects of marine ecology and more specifically on how algal-dominated near-shore ecosystems are structured and function. My research has generally focussed on the consequences of climate change (global warming, marine heatwaves and ocean acidification) and other anthropogenic impacts (e.g. fishing, off-shore engineering, invasive species) on populations and communities of intertidal (rocky shores) and shallow subtidal systems (kelp forests). My research is interdisciplinary in nature having collaborated with ecologists, population geneticists, molecular biologists, oceanographers, social scientists, ecological modellers, engineers and policy makers.


August 2023 - present: Director of Education

August 2022 - present: Deputy Head of School of Natural and Environmental Sciences

July 2020 - present: Professor of Marine Ecology, Â鶹´«Ã½

January 2011 - June 2020: Lecturer & Reader in Marine Ecology, Aberystwyth University

Research

Climate Change Ecology

My research in this area focuses on the impacts of climate warming (gradual warming and marine heatwaves) and ocean acidification on the structure and functioning of shallow water marine communities. I have used a range of approaches including long-term datasets, mesocosm experiments, space-for-time manipulations and modelling approaches to demonstrate physiological impacts leading to changes in species distributions, phenology and demography, alterations to predator-prey and competitive interactions and population level genetic responses.

Ecological Engineering

Coastlines around the globe are hardening (ocean sprawl) in order to protect valuable coastal infrastructure from increased storminess and sea-level rise. At the same time, our coastlines and seas are increasingly becoming a focus for the generation of renewable energy (off-shore wind, wave and tidal generation). These hard-engineered structures have been shown to be poor surrogates for natural rocky reefs supporting depauperate communities due to their reduced habitat complexity. Ecological engineering aims to make these hard-engineered structures better for nature by increasing habitat complexity at a range of spatial scales (micro to macro scales). My research in this area has designed cost-effective interventions for increasing biodiversity on coastal structures as well as developing novel low carbon alternatives to concrete.

Kelp Forest Ecology


Kelp forests are some of the most productive habitats on Earth providing food and habitat that supports diverse marine communities and provides goods and services to human society worth £billions per year. They have also recently been identified as a potentially highly important blue carbon donor habitat contributing to the mitigation of climate change. At the same time, and like many marine vegetated habitats, kelp forests are under threat from a range of anthropogenic stressors. For the last seven years I have been investigating the structure and functioning of UK kelp forests from the microbiome to kelp forest food-webs. Using a space-for-time gradient, spanning 2.5°C, we are also determining how future warming may impact the physiology and ecology of kelp and their associated communities. More recently, we been working with collaborators in Chile and Peru to better understand the structure and function of kelp forests in these countries in order to provide ecosystem-based management of the kelp fishery. 

Teaching

I have taught and continue to teach across a wide range of modules covering ecology, marine biology, field and research skills. I currently teach into the following modules:

NES1501 Marine Biology

NES1504 Academic and Professional Skills for the Biosciences

NES2504 Academic and Employability Skills

NES3502 Advanced Marine Research Topics II

NES3504 Global Marine Science

NES3505 Research Project

NES8005 MRes Research Project (Module leader)

NES8500 Understanding Marine Ecosystems (Module leader)


I am also the Degree Programme Director for












Publications

  • Articles

    • Gouraguine A, Smale DA, Edwards A, King NG, Jackson-Bue M, Kelly S, Earp HS, Moore PJ. . Marine Environmental Research 2024, 198, 106518.
    • Szewczyk TM, Moore PJ, Smale DA, Adams T, Burrows MT. . Ecological Modelling 2024, 488, 110590.
    • Jackson-Bue T, Evans AJ, Lawrence PJ, Brooks PR, Ward SL, Jenkins SR, Moore PJ, Crowe TP, Neill SP, Davies AJ. . Science of the Total Environment 2024, 906, 167494.
    • Firth LB, Bone J, Bartholomew A, Bishop MJ, Bugnot A, Bulleri F, Chee S-Y, Claassens L, Dafforn KA, Fairchild TP, Hall AE, Hanley ME, Komyakova V, Lemasson AJ, Loke LHL, Mayer-Pinto M, Morris R, Naylor L, Perkins MJ, Pioch S, Porri F, O'Shaughnessy KA, Schaefer N, Strain EA, Toft JD, Waltham N, Aguilera M, Airoldi L, Bauer F, Brooks P, Burt J, Clubley C, Cordell JR, Espinosa F, Evans AJ, Farrugia-Drakard V, Froneman W, Griffin J, Hawkins SJ, Heery E, Herbert RJH, Jones E, Leung KMY, Moore P, Sempere-Valverde J, Sengupta D, Sheaves M, Swearer S, Thompson RC, Todd P, Knights AM. . Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Maritime Engineering 2024, 177(2), 35-67.
    • Filbee-Dexter K, Pessarrodona A, Pedersen MF, Wernberg T, Duarte CM, Assis J, Bekkby T, Burrows MT, Carlson DF, Gattuso J-P, Gundersen H, Hancke K, Krumhansl KA, Kuwae T, Middelburg JJ, Moore PJ, Queiros AM, Smale DA, Sousa-Pinto I, Suzuki N, Krause-Jensen D. . Nature Geoscience 2024, 17, 552-559.
    • Eger AM, Marzinelli EM, Beas-Luna R, Blain CO, Blamey LK, Byrnes JEK, Carnell PE, Choi CG, Hessing-Lewis M, Kim KY, Kumagai NH, Lorda J, Moore P, Nakamura Y, Perez-Matus A, Pontier O, Smale D, Steinberg PD, Verges A. . Nature Communications 2023, 14(1), 1894.
    • Earp HS, George R, Brooks PR, Farrugia Drakard V, Thompson BJ, Fisher B, Hayden R, Crowe TP, Moore PJ. . Marine Environmental Research 2023, 184, 105853.
    • Jackson-Bue M, Smale DA, King NG, Rushton AG, Moore PJ. . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2023, 564, 151899.
    • Thatcher H, Stamp T, Wilcockson D, Moore PJ. . ICES Journal of Marine Science 2023, 80(5), 1410-1421.
    • Thompson B, Brooks PR, Farrugia Drakard V, Kubin F, Earp HS, Alvarez-Cienfuegos I, Moore PJ, Crowe TP. . Marine Environmental Research 2023, 189, 106059.
    • King NG, Uribe R, Moore PJ, Earp HS, Gouraguine A, Hinostroza D, Perez-Matus A, Smith K, Smale DA. . Microbial Ecology 2023, 86, 2574–2582.
    • King NG, Moore PJ, Thorpe JM, Smale DA. . Microbial Ecology 2023, 85, 1265-1275.
    • Lewis PH, Roberts BP, Moore PJ, Pike S, Scarth A, Medcalf K, Cameron I. . Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation 2023, 9(4), 540-552.
    • Smale DA, Teagle H, Hawkins SJ, Jenkins HL, Frontier N, Wilding C, King N, Jackson-Bué M, Moore PJ. . Journal of Ecology 2023, 110, 2132-2144.
    • Farrugia Drakard V, Evans AJ, Crowe TP, Moore PJ, Coughlan J, Brooks PR. . Marine Environmental Research 2023, 188, 106022.
    • Clark DR, Young KA, Kitzes J, Moore PJ, Evans AJ, Stephenson JF. . Ecography 2024, 10, e06858.
    • Smale DA, King NG, Jackson-Bue M, Moore PJ. . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2022, 102(8), 627-634.
    • Filbee-Dexter K, Feehan CJ, Smale DA, Krumhansl KA, Augustine S, de Bettignies F, Burrows MT, Byrnes JEK, Campbell J, Davoult D, Dunton KH, Franco JN, Garrido I, Grace SP, Hancke K, Johnson LE, Konar B, Moore PJ, Norderhaug KM, O'Dell A, Pedersen MF, Salomon AK, Sousa-Pinto I, Tiegs S, Yiu D, Wernberg T. . PLoS Biology 2022, 20(8), e3001702.
    • Aguilar S, Moore PJ, Uribe RA. . Biological Invasions 2022, 24, 3305-3319.
    • Pessarrodona A, Assis J, Filbee-Dexter K, Burrows MT, Gattuso J-P, Duarte CM, Krause-Jensen D, Moore PJ, Smale DA, Wernberg T. . Science Advances 2022, 8, eabn2465.
    • Duarte CM, Gattuso J-P, Hancke K, Gundersen H, Filbee-Dexter K, Pedersen MF, Middelburg J, Burrows MT, Krumhansl K, Wernberg T, Moore P, Pessarrodona A, Bachmann Ørberg S, Sousa Pinto I, Assis J, Queirós AM, Smale D, Bekkby T, Serrão EA, Krause-Jensen D. . Global Ecology and Biogeography 2022, 31(7), 1422-1439.
    • Smale DA, Pessarrodona A, King N, Moore PJ. . Limnology and Oceanography 2022, 67(S2), S36-S49.
    • Smith KE, Moore PJ, King NG, Smale DA. . Limnology and Oceanography 2022, 67(2), 314-328.
    • Carbajal P, Gamarra Salazar A, Moore PJ, Perez-Matus A. . Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 2022, 32(1), 14-27.
    • Earp HS, Smale DA, Pérez-Matus A, Gouraguine A, Shaw PW, Moore PJ. . Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 2022, 32, 1717-1731.
    • Pessarrodona A, Filbee-Dexter K, Krumhansl KA, Pedersen MF, Moore PJ, Wernberg T. . Scientific Data 2022, 9(1), 484.
    • Gouraguine A, Moore P, Burrows MT, Velasco E, Ariz L, Figueroa-Fabrega L, Munoz-Cordovez R, Fernandez-Cisternas I, Smale D, Perez-Matus A. . Marine Biology 2021, 168(5), 66.
    • Joniver CFH, Photiades A, Moore PJ, Winters AL, Woolmer A, Adams JMM. . Algal Research 2021, 58, 102407.
    • Evans AJ, Lawrence PJ, Natanzi AS, Moore PJ, Davies A, Crowe T, McNally C, Thompson B, Dozier A, Brooks P. . Ecological Engineering 2021, 160, 106144.
    • Bosch NE, Wernberg T, Langlois TJ, Smale DA, Moore PJ, Franco JN, Thiriet P, Feunteun E, Ribeiro C, Neves P, Freitas R, Filbee-Dexter K, Norderhaug KM, Garcia A, Otero-Ferrer F, Espino F, Haroun R, Lazzari N, Tuya F. . Journal of Biogeography 2021, 48(11), 2683-2698.
    • King NG, Moore PJ, Wilding C, Jenkins H, Smale DA. . Marine Ecology Progress Series 2021, 672, 33-44.
    • Lawrence PJ, Evans AJ, D'UrbanJackson T, Brooks PR, Crowe TP, Dozier AE, Jenkins SR, Moore PJ, Williams G, Davies AJ. . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2021, 288, 20210329.
    • Drakard VF, Brooks P, Crowe TP, Earp HS, Thompson B, Bourke N, George R, Piper C, Moore PJ. . Marine Environmental Research 2021, 168, 105324.
    • Atkinson J, King NG, Wilmes SB, Moore PJ. . Journal of Phycology 2020, 56(6), 1591-1600.
    • Smale DA, Epstein G, Hughes E, Mogg A, Moore PJ. . Biodiversity and Conservation 2020, 29, 4173-4192.
    • Bue M, Smale DA, Natanni G, Marshall H, Moore PJ. . Diversity and Distributions 2020, 26(11), 1551-1565.
    • King NG, McKeown NJ, Smale DA, Bradbury S, Stamp T, Juterbock A, Egilsdottir H, Groves EA, Moore PJ. . ICES Journal of Marine Science 2020, 77(5), 1906-1913.
    • Smale DA, Pessarrodona A, King N, Burrows MT, Yunnie A, Vance T, Moore P. . Scientific Reports 2020, 10(1), 12161.
    • King NG, Moore PJ, Pessarrodona A, Burrows MT, Porter J, Bue M, Smale DA. . Marine Biology 2020, 167(9), 137.
    • Sen Gupta A, Thomsen M, Benthuysen JA, Hobday AJ, Oliver E, Alexander LV, Burrows MT, Donat MG, Feng M, Holbrook NJ, Perkins-Kirkpatrick S, Moore PJ, Rodrigues RR, Scannell HA, Taschetto AS, Ummenhofer CC, Wernberg T, Smale DA. . Scientific Reports 2020, 10(1), 19359.
    • O'Shaughnessy KA, Hawkins SJ, Evans AJ, Hanley ME, Lunt P, Thompson RC, Francis RA, Hoggart SPG, Moore PJ, Iglesias G, Simmonds D, Ducker J, Firth LB. . Urban Ecosystems 2020, 23(2), 431-443.
    • Oliver ECJ, Burrows MT, Donat MG, Sen Gupta A, Alexander LV, Perkins-Kirkpatrick SE, Benthuysen JA, Hobday AJ, Holbrook NJ, Moore PJ, Thomsen MS, Wernberg T, Smale DA. . Frontiers in Marine Science 2019, 6, 734.
    • Evans AJ, Firth LB, Hawkins SJ, Hall AE, Ironside JE, Thompson RC, Moore PJ. . Environmental Science and Policy 2019, 91, 60-69.
    • King NG, McKeown NJ, Smale DA, Wilcockson DC, Hoelters L, Groves EA, Stamp T, Moore PJ. . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2019, 514-515, 10-17.
    • Holbrook NJ, Scannell HA, Sen Gupta A, Benthuysen JA, Feng M, Oliver ECJ, Alexander LV, Burrows MT, Donat MG, Hobday AJ, Moore PJ, Perkins-Kirkpatrick SE, Smale DA, Straub SC, Wernberg T. . Nature Communications 2019, 10(1), 2624.
    • Teagle H, Moore PJ, Jenkins H, Smale DA. . PLoS ONE 2018, 13(7), e0200411.
    • Dennis HD, Evans AJ, Banner AJ, Moore PJ. . Ecological Engineering 2018, 120, 668-678.
    • Oliver ECJ, Donat MG, Burrows MT, Moore PJ, Smale DA, Alexander LV, Benthuysen JA, Feng M, Sen Gupta A, Hobday AJ, Holbrook NJ, Perkins-Kirkpatrick SE, Scannell HA, Straub SC, Wernberg T. . Nature Communications 2018, 9(1), 1324.
    • Brewin RJW, Smale DA, Moore PJ, Dall'Olmo G, Miller PI, Taylor BH, Smyth TJ, Fishwick JR, Yang M. . Remote Sensing 2018, 10(6), 925.
    • King NG, Wilcockson DC, Webster R, Smale DA, Hoelters LS, Moore PJ. . Functional Ecology 2018, 32(2), 288-299.
    • Hobday AJ, Oliver ECJ, Gupta AS, Benthuysen JA, Burrows MT, Donat MG, Holbrook NJ, Moore PJ, Thomsen MS, Wernberg T, Smale DA. . Oceanography 2018, 31(2 Special Issue), 162-173.
    • Pessarrodona A, Moore PJ, Sayer MDJ, Smale DA. . Global Change Biology 2018, 24(9), 4386-4398.
    • Smale DA, Moore PJ. . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2017, 486, 255-264.
    • Evans AJ, Garrod B, Firth LB, Hawkins SJ, Morris-Webb ES, Goudge H, Moore PJ. . Marine Policy 2017, 75, 143-155.
    • Harvey BP, Moore PJ. . Marine Ecology Progress Series 2017, 563, 111-122.
    • Hawkins SJ, Evans AJ, Mieszkowska N, Adams LC, Bray S, Burrows MT, Firth LB, Genner MJ, Leung KMY, Moore PJ, Pack K, Schuster H, Sims DW, Whittington M, Southward EC. . Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017, 124(2), 573-586.
    • Smale DA, Burrows MT, Evans AJ, King N, Sayer MDJ, Yunnie ALE, Moore PJ. . Marine Ecology Progress Series 2016, 542, 79-95.
    • Harvey BP, McKeown NJ, Rastrick SPS, Bertolini C, Foggo A, Graham H, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M, Shaw PW, Small DP, Moore PJ. . Scientific Reports 2016, 6, 20194.
    • Firth LB, White FJ, Schofield M, Hanley ME, Burrows MT, Thompson RC, Skov MW, Evans AJ, Moore PJ, Hawkins SJ. . Marine and Freshwater Research 2016, 67(1), 131-143.
    • Evans AJ, Firth LB, Hawkins SJ, Morris ES, Goudge H, Moore PJ. . Marine and Freshwater Research 2016, 67(1), 123-130.
    • Garcia Molinos J, Halpern BS, Schoeman DS, Brown CJ, Kiessling W, Moore PJ, Pandolfi JM, Poloczanska ES, Richardson AJ, Burrows MT. . Nature Climate Change 2016, 6(1), 83-88.
    • Hobday AJ, Alexander LV, Perkins SE, Smale DA, Straub SC, Oliver ECJ, Benthuysen JA, Burrows MT, Donat MG, Feng M, Holbrook NJ, Moore PJ, Scannell HA, Sen Gupta A, Wernberg T. . Progress in Oceanography 2016, 141, 227-238.
    • O'Connor MI, Holding JM, Kappel CV, Duarte CM, Brander K, Brown CJ, Bruno JF, Buckley L, Burrows MT, Halpern BS, Kiessling W, Moore P, Pandolfi JM, Parmesan C, Poloczanska ES, Schoeman DS, Sydeman WJ, Richardson AJ. . Global Ecology and Biogeography 2015, 24(1), 64-76.
    • Burrows MT, Schoeman DS, Richardson AJ, Molinos JG, Hoffmann A, Buckley LB, Moore PJ, Brown CJ, Bruno JF, Duarte CM, Halpern BS, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Kappel CV, Kiessling W, O'Connor MI, Pandolfi JM, Parmesan C, Sydeman WJ, Ferrier S, Williams KJ, Poloczanska ES. . Nature 2014, 507(7493), 492-495.
    • Firth LB, Thompson RC, Bohn K, Abbiati M, Airoldi L, Bouma TJ, Bozzeda F, Ceccherelli VU, Colangelo MA, Evans A, Ferrario F, Hanley ME, Hinz H, Hoggart SPG, Jackson JE, Moore P, Morgan EH, Perkol-Finkel S, Skov MW, Strain EM, van Belzen J, Hawkins SJ. . Coastal Engineering 2014, 87, 122-135.
    • Smale DA, Burrows MT, Moore P, O'Connor N, Hawkins SJ. . Ecology and Evolution 2013, 3(11), 4016-4038.
    • Harvey BP, Gwynn-Jones D, Moore PJ. . Ecology and Evolution 2013, 3(4), 1016-1030.
    • Poloczanska ES, Brown CJ, Sydeman WJ, Kiessling W, Schoeman DS, Moore PJ, Brander K, Bruno JF, Buckley LB, Burrows MT, Duarte CM, Halpern BS, Holding J, Kappel CV, O'Connor MI, Pandolfi JM, Parmesan C, Schwing F, Thompson SA, Richardson AJ. . Nature Climate Change 2013, 3(10), 919-925.
    • Hawkins SJ, Firth LB, McHugh M, Poloczanska ES, Herbert RJH, Burrows MT, Kendall MA, Moore PJ, Thompson RC, Jenkins SR, Sims DW, Genner MJ, Mieszkowska N. . Marine Policy 2013, 42, 91-98.
    • Richardson AJ, Brown CJ, Brander K, Bruno JF, Buckley L, Burrows MT, Duarte CM, Halpern BS, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Holding J, Kappel CV, Kiessling W, Moore PJ, O'Connor MI, Pandolfi JM, Parmesan C, Schoeman DS, Schwing F, Sydeman WJ, Poloczanska ES. . Biology Letters 2012, 8(6), 907-909.
    • Burrows MT, Schoeman DS, Buckley LB, Moore P, Poloczanska ES, Brander KM, Brown C, Bruno JF, Duarte CM, Halpern BS, Holding J, Kappel CV, Kiessling W, O'Connor MI, Pandolfi JM, Parmesan C, Schwing FB, Sydeman WJ, Richardson AJ. . Science 2011, 334(6056), 652-655.
    • Moore PJ, Thompson RC, Hawkins SJ. . Global Change Biology 2011, 17(2), 709-719.
    • Hawkins SJ, Sugden HE, Mieszkowska N, Moore PJ, Poloczanska E, Leaper R, Herbert R, Genner MJ, Moschella PS, Thompson RC, Jenkins SR, Southward AJ, Burrows MT. . Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 396, 245-259.

  • Book Chapter

    • Firth LB, Knights AM, Bridger D, Evans AJ, Mieszkowska N, Moore PJ, O'Connor NE, Sheehan EV, Thompson RC, Hawkins SJ. . In: RN Hughes, DJ Hughes, IP Smith, AC Dale, ed. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2016, pp.193-269.

  • Letter

    • Smale DA, Wernberg T, Oliver ECJ, Thomsen M, Harvey BP, Straub SC, Burrows MT, Alexander LV, Benthuysen JA, Donat MG, Feng M, Hobday AJ, Holbrook NJ, Perkins-Kirkpatrick SE, Scannell HA, Sen Gupta A, Payne BL, Moore PJ. . Nature Climate Change 2019, 9(4), 306-312.

  • Notes

    • Arafeh-Dalmau N, Erlania, Cebrian E, Dunga LV, Horta P, Layton C, MacAya EC, Mangialajo L, Moore PJ, Mora-Soto A, Reddy MM, Smit AJ, Spector P, Nguyen VT, Verdura J, Pocklington JB. . Oryx 2024, 58(2), 147-148.
    • Eger AM, Marzinelli EM, Beas-Luna R, Blain CO, Blamey LK, Byrnes JEK, Carnell PE, Choi CG, Hessing-Lewis M, Kim KY, Kumagai NH, Lorda J, Moore P, Nakamura Y, Perez-Matus A, Pontier O, Smale D, Steinberg PD, Verges A. . Nature Communications 2023, 14(1), 2841.
    • Smale DA, Moore PJ, Queiros AM, Higgs ND, Burrows MT. . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2018, 16(2), 71-73.
    • Harvey BP, Gwynn-Jones D, Moore PJ. . Ecology and Evolution 2013, 3(8), 2782-2782.

  • Reviews

    • Smith KE, Burrows MT, Hobday AJ, King NG, Moore PJ, Sen Gupta A, Thomsen MS, Wernberg T, Smale DA. . Annual Review of Marine Science 2023, 15, 119-145.
    • Smith KE, Burrows MT, Hobday AJ, Gupta AS, Moore PJ, Thomsen M, Wernberg T, Smale DA. . Science 2021, 374(6566).
    • Straub SC, Wernberg T, Thomsen MS, Moore PJ, Burrows MT, Harvey BP, Smale DA. . Frontiers in Marine Science 2019, 6, 763.
    • King NG, McKeown NJ, Smale DA, Moore PJ. . Ecography 2018, 41(9), 1469-1484.
    • Brito-Morales I, Garcia Molinos J, Schoeman DS, Burrows MT, Poloczanska ES, Brown CJ, Ferrier S, Harwood TD, Klein CJ, McDonald-Madden E, Moore PJ, Pandolfi JM, Watson JEM, Wenger AS, Richardson AJ. . Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2018, 33(6), 441-457.
    • Teagle H, Hawkins SJ, Moore PJ, Smale DA. . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2017, 492, 81-98.
    • Poloczanska ES, Burrows MT, Brown CJ, Molinos JG, Halpern BS, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Kappel CV, Moore PJ, Richardson AJ, Schoeman DS, Sydeman WJ. . Frontiers in Marine Science 2016, 3, 62.
    • Brown CJ, Schoeman DS, Sydeman WJ, Brander K, Buckley LB, Burrows M, Duarte CM, Moore PJ, Pandolfi JM, Poloczanska E, Venables W, Richardson AJ. . Global Change Biology 2011, 17(12), 3697-3713.
    • Wernberg T, Russell BD, Moore PJ, Ling SD, Smale DA, Campbell A, Coleman MA, Steinberg PD, Kendrick GA, Connell SD. . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2011, 400(1-2), 7-16.