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Staff Profile

Dr Dexter Canoy

Senior Lecturer in Epidemiology and Public Health

  • Personal Website: /medical-sciences/people/profile/dextercanoy.html
  • Address: Population Health Sciences Institute
    University of Â鶹´«Ã½
    NIHR Biomedical Research Centre
    Campus for Ageing and Vitality
    Â鶹´«Ã½ upon Tyne NE4 5PL
    UK
Background


I have trained in clinical medicine in the Philippines and subsequently moved to the UK where I read epidemiology, and conducted research using data from several large prospective population-based cohort studies in the UK and Finland to investigate modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. I have since been involved in big data research into women's vascular health, adiposity, multimorbidity, and hypertension using an array of analytical methods in observational studies, meta-analysis of randomised drug interventions, Mendelian randomisation experiments, and machine learning.


I recently joined the Population Health Sciences Institute at Â鶹´«Ã½ as Senior Lecturer to conduct research into population health and healthy ageing. I supervise student research projects, teach courses in epidemiology, and provide mentorship to early career researchers. I also serve as the Specialty Editor of the Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention section of journal.



 

Research


My research aims to improve our understanding of the determinants of health and disease in the population. I focus on modifiable determinants of major causes of morbidity and mortality, and conditions that affect many in older ages. I have particular interests in cardiovascular disease epidemiology, life course epidemiology, healthy ageing, women's vascular health, obesity/body composition, and health disparities, as well as the intersection of vascular health with other indicators of health such as cognition and bone health.


I primarily conduct secondary analyses of large-scale cohort data and UK electronic health records using a range of big data analytical tools in epidemiology, biostatistics and machine learning. 


Currently, I am engaged in the AI-MULTIPLY collaboration that aims to use artificial intelligence to characterise associations between multiple chronic conditions and polypharmacy and their impact on health in diverse UK populations.


I am open to supervise PhD research projects on these research themes by students with good quantitative analytical background or experience.




Teaching


I am involved in the delivery of teaching modules in epidemiology at undergraduate and masteral levels.

Publications

  • Articles

    • Reynolds DJ, Mountain S, Bartle V, Remfry E, Barnes MR, Reynolds NJ, Thompson A, Wason J, Watson N, Todd A, Swinglehurst D, Seth S, Reynolds N, Plummer C, Missier P, McAllister-Williams H, Lawton T, Hanratty B, Guerra-Sousa S, Grant O, Durham C, Clinch M, Canoy D, Burt A, Barnes M, Apea V. . Research Involvement and Engagement 2025, 11, 100.
    • Whittaker H, Kramer Fiala Machado A, Hatam S, Cook S, Scully S, Evans HT, Bolton T, Kallis C, Busby J, Heaney LG, Sheikh A, Quint JK, on behalf of the CVD-COVID-UK/COVID-IMPACT Consortium, Grundmann A, Carroll C, Canoy D, Onyeachu P. . Thorax 2025, 80(7), 466-477.
    • Rao S, Mamouei M, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Li Y, Ramakrishnan R, Hassaine A, Canoy D, Rahimi K. . IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems 2024, 35(4), 5027-5038.
    • Mizani MA, Dashtban A, Pasea L, Lai AG, Thygesen J, Tomlinson C, Handy A, Mamza JB, Morris T, Khalid S, Zaccardi F, Macleod MJ, Torabi F, Canoy D, Akbari A, Berry C, Bolton T, Nolan J, Khunti K, Denaxas S, Hemingway H, Sudlow C, Banerjee A. . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2023, 116(1), 10-20.
    • Rao S, Nazarzadeh M, Li Y, Canoy D, Mamouei M, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Rahimi K. . Heart 2023, 109(16), 1216-1222.
    • Rao S, Li Y, Nazarzadeh M, Canoy D, Mamouei M, Hassaine A, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Rahimi K. . Hypertension 2023, 80(3), 598-607.
    • Wamil M, Hassaine A, Rao S, Li Y, Mamouei M, Canoy D, Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Copland E, Rahimi K, Salimi-Khorshidi G. . Scientific Reports 2023, 13, 11478.
    • Sun W, Ren Z, Zhu S, Cheng S, Liu W, Li HCW, Xia W, Yuan C, Adeloye D, Rudan I, Canoy D, Song P. . Frontiers in Public Health 2023, 11, 1158590.
    • Rao S, Nazarzadeh M, Canoy D, Li Y, Huang J, Mamouei M, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Schutte AE, Neal B, Smith GD, Rahimi K. . European Heart Journal 2023, 44(42), 4448-4457.
    • Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, Canoy D, Copland E, Gerdts E, Woodward M, Gupta AK, Reid CM, Cushman WC, Wachtell K, Teo K, Davis BR, Chalmers J, Pepine CJ, Rahimi K. . Hypertension 2023, 80(11), 2293-2302.
    • Li Y, Mamouei M, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Rao S, Hassaine A, Canoy D, Lukasiewicz T, Rahimi K. . IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 2023, 27(2), 1106-1117.
    • Wright FL, Cheema K, Goldacre R, Hall N, Herz N, Islam N, Karim Z, Moreno-Martos D, Morales DR, O'Connell D, Spata E, Akbari A, Ashworth M, Barber M, Briffa N, Canoy D, Denaxas S, Khunti K, Kurdi A, Mamas M, Priedon R, Sudlow C, Morris EJA, Lacey B, Banerjee A. . European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes 2023, 9(4), 377-388.
    • Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Mohseni H, Canoy D, Pinho-Gomes A-C, Hassaine A, Dehghan A, Tregouet D-A, Smith NL, Rahimi K. . Cardiovascular Research 2023, 119(3), 835-842.
    • Li Y, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Rao S, Canoy D, Hassaine A, Lukasiewicz T, Rahimi K, Mamouei M. . European Heart Journal - Digital Health 2022, 3(4), 535-547.
    • Nazarzadeh M, Canoy D, Bidel Z, Copland E, Rahimi K, Teo K, Davis BR, Chalmers J, Pepine CJ, Woodward M. . Journal of Hypertension 2022, 40(5), 847-852.
    • Canoy D, Harvey NC, Prieto-Alhambra D, Cooper C, Meyer HE, Asvold BO, Nazarzadeh M, Rahimi K. . Osteoporosis International 2022, 33(2), 315-326.
    • Thygesen T, Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing COVID-19 National Core Study and the CVD-COVID-UK/COVID-IMPACT Con, Canoy D. . The Lancet Digital Health 2022, 4(7), e542-e557.
    • Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Canoy D, Copland E, Bennett DA, Dehghan A, Davey Smith G, Holman RR, Woodward M, Gupta A, Adler AI, Wamil M, Sattar N, Cushman WC, McManus RJ, Teo K, Davis BR, Chalmers J, Pepine CJ, Rahimi K, Agodoa L, Algra A, Asselbergs FW, Beckett N, Berge E, Black H, Brouwers FPJ, Brown M, Bulpitt CJ, Byington B, Cutler J, Devereaux RB, Dwyer J, Estacio R, Fagard R, Fox K, Fukui T, Imai Y, Ishii M, Julius S, Kanno Y, Kjeldsen SE, Kostis J, Kuramoto K, Lanke J, Lewis E, Lewis J, Lievre M, Lindholm LH, Lueders S, MacMahon S, Mancia G, Matsuzaki M, Mehlum MH, Nissen S, Ogawa H, Ogihara T, Ohkubo T, Palmer C, Patel A, Pfeffer M, Poulter NR, Rakugi H, Reboldi G, Reid C, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Saruta T, Schrader J, Schrier R, Sever P, Sleight P, Staessen JA, Suzuki H, Thijs L, Ueshima K, Umemoto S, van Gilst WH, Verdecchia P, Wachtell K, Whelton P, Wing L, Yui Y, Yusuf S, Zanchetti A, Zhang ZY, Anderson C, Baigent C, Brenner BM, Collins R, de Zeeuw D, Lubsen J, Malacco E, Neal B, Perkovic V, Pitt B, Rodgers A, Rothwell P, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Sundstrom J, Turnbull F, Viberti G, Wang J. . The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology 2022, 10(9), 645-654.
    • Canoy D, Copland E, Nazarzadeh M, Ramakrishnan R, Pinho-Gomes A-C, Salam A, Dwyer JP, Farzadfar F, Sundstrom J, Woodward M, Davis BR, Rahimi K. . Heart 2022, 108(16), 1281-1289.
    • Rao S, Li Y, Ramakrishnan R, Hassaine A, Canoy D, Cleland J, Lukasiewicz T, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Rahimi K. . IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 2022, 26(7), 3362-3372.
    • Rahimi K, Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, Copland E, Canoy D, Ramakrishnan R, Pinho-Gomes AC, Woodward M, Adler A, Agodoa L, Algra A, Asselbergs FW, Beckett NS, Berge E, Black H, Brouwers FPJ, Brown M, Bulpitt CJ, Byington RP, Cushman WC, Cutler J, Devereaux RB, Dwyer JP, Estacio R, Fagard R, Fox K, Fukui T, Gupta AK, Holman RR, Imai Y, Ishii M, Julius S, Kanno Y, Kjeldsen SE, Kostis J, Kuramoto K, Lanke J, Lewis E, Lewis JB, Lievre M, Lindholm LH, Lueders S, MacMahon S, Mancia G, Matsuzaki M, Mehlum MH, Nissen S, Ogawa H, Ogihara T, Ohkubo T, Palmer CR, Patel A, Pfeffer MA, Pitt B, Poulter NR, Rakugi H, Reboldi G, Reid C, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Saruta T, Schrader J, Schrier R, Sever P, Sleight P, Staessen JA, Suzuki H, Thijs L, Ueshima K, Umemoto S, van Gilst WH, Verdecchia P, Wachtell K, Whelton P, Wing L, Yui Y, Yusuf S, Zanchetti A, Zhang Z-Y, Anderson C, Baigent C, Brenner BM, Collins R, de Zeeuw D, Lubsen J, Malacco E, Neal B, Perkovic V, Rodgers A, Rothwell P, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Sundstrom J, Turnbull F, Viberti G, Wang J, Chalmers J, Teo KK, Pepine CJ, Davis BR. . The Lancet 2021, 397(10285), P1625-1636.
    • Tran J, Norton R, Canoy D, Solares JRA, Conrad N, Nazarzadeh M, Raimondi F, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Rodgers A, Rahimi K. . PLoS Medicine 2021, 18(6), e1003674.
    • Nazarzadeh M, Pinho-Gomes A-C, Bidel Z, Canoy D, Dehghan A, Smith Byrne K, Bennett DA, Smith GD, Rahimi K. . Genome Medicine 2021, 13(1), 38.
    • Li Y, Rao S, Hassaine A, Ramakrishnan R, Canoy D, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Mamouei M, Lukasiewicz T, Rahimi K. . Scientific Reports 2021, 11(1), 20685.
    • Pinho-Gomes A-C, Azevedo L, Copland E, Canoy D, Nazarzadeh M, Ramakrishnan R, Berge E, Sundstrom J, Kotecha D, Woodward M, Teo K, Davis BR, Chalmers J, Pepine CJ, Rahimi K. . PLoS Medicine 2021, 18(6), e1003599.
    • Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Canoy D, Copland E, Wamil M, Majert J, Smith Byrne K, Sundstrom J, Teo K, Davis BR, Chalmers J, Pepine CJ, Dehghan A, Bennett DA, Smith GD, Rahimi K. . The Lancet 2021, 398(10313), 1803-1810.
    • Canoy D, Tran J, Zottoli M, Ramakrishnan R, Hassaine A, Rao S, Li Y, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Norton R, Rahimi K. . BMC Medicine 2021, 19(1), 258.
    • Copland E, Canoy D, Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Ramakrishnan R, Teo KK, Pepine CJ, Davis BR, Sundstrom J, Rahimi K, Adler A, Agodoa L, Algra A, Asselbergs FW, Beckett N, Berge E, Black H, Brouwers FPJ, Brown M, Bulpitt CJ, Byington B, Chalmers J, Chalmers J, Cushman WC, Cutler J, Devereaux RB, Dwyer J, Estacio R, Fagard R, Fox K, Fukui T, Gupta AK, Holman RR, Imai Y, Ishii M, Julius S, Kanno Y, Kjeldsen SE, Kjeldsen SE, Kostis J, Kuramoto K, Lanke J, Lewis E, Lewis J, Lievre M, Lindholm LH, Lueders S, MacMahon S, Mancia G, Matsuzaki M, Mehlum MH, Nissen S, Ogawa H, Ogihara T, Ohkubo T, Palmer C, Patel A, Pepine CJ, Pfeffer M, Poulter NR, Rakugi H, Reboldi G, Reid C, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Saruta T, Schrader J, Schrier R, Sever P, Sleight P, Staessen JA, Suzuki H, Thijs L, Ueshima K, Umemoto S, van Gilst WH, Verdecchia P, Wachtell K, Whelton P, Wing L, Woodward M, Woodward M, Yui Y, Yusuf S, Zanchetti A, Zhang ZY, Anderson C, Baigent C, Brenner BM, Collins R, de Zeeuw D, Lubsen J, Malacco E, Neal B, Perkovic V, Pitt B, Rodgers A, Rothwell P, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Turnbull F, Viberti G, Wang J. . The Lancet Oncology 2021, 22(4), 558-570.
    • Rahimi K, Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, Copland E, Canoy D, Wamil M, Majert J, McManus R, Adler A, Agodoa L, Algra A, Asselbergs FW, Beckett NS, Berge E, Black H, Boersma E, Brouwers FPJ, Brown M, Brugts JJ, Bulpitt CJ, Byington RP, Cushman WC, Cutler J, Devereaux RB, Dwyer JP, Estacio R, Fagard R, Fox K, Fukui T, Gupta AK, Holman RR, Imai Y, Ishii M, Julius S, Kanno Y, Kjeldsen SE, Kostis J, Kuramoto K, Lanke J, Lewis E, Lewis JB, Lievre M, Lindholm LH, Lueders S, MacMahon S, Mancia G, Matsuzaki M, Mehlum MH, Nissen S, Ogawa H, Ogihara T, Ohkubo T, Palmer CR, Patel A, Pfeffer MA, Pitt B, Poulter NR, Rakugi H, Reboldi G, Reid C, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Saruta T, Schrader J, Schrier R, Sever P, Sleight P, Staessen JA, Suzuki H, Thijs L, Ueshima K, Umemoto S, van Gilst WH, Verdecchia P, Wachtell K, Whelton P, Wing L, Woodward M, Yui Y, Yusuf S, Zanchetti A, Zhang Z-Y, Anderson C, Baigent C, Brenner BM, Collins R, de Zeeuw D, Lubsen J, Malacco E, Neal B, Perkovic V, Rodgers A, Rothwell P, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Sundstrom J, Turnbull F, Viberti G, Wang J, Chalmers J, Davis BR, Pepine CJ, Teo KK. . The Lancet 2021, 398(10305), 1053-1064.
    • Hassaine A, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Canoy D, Rahimi K. . Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2020, 190, 111325.
    • Nazarzadeh M, Pinho-Gomes A-C, Bidel Z, Dehghan A, Canoy D, Hassaine A, Ayala Solares JR, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Smith GD, Otto CM, Rahimi K. . European Heart Journal 2020, 41(40), 3913-3920.
    • Hassaine A, Canoy D, Solares JRA, Zhu Y, Rao S, Li Y, Zottoli M, Rahimi K, Salimi-Khorshidi G. . Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2020, 112, 103606.
    • Li Y, Rao S, Solares JRA, Hassaine A, Ramakrishnan R, Canoy D, Zhu Y, Rahimi K, Salimi-Khorshidi G. . Scientific Reports 2020, 10(1), 7155.
    • Conrad N, Judge A, Canoy D, Tran J, Pinho-Gomes A-C, Millett ERC, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Cleland JG, McMurray JJV, Rahimi K. . JAMA Cardiology 2019, 4(11), 1102-1111.
    • Nazarzadeh M, Pinho-Gomes A-C, Smith Byrne K, Canoy D, Raimondi F, Ayala Solares JR, Otto CM, Rahimi K. . JAMA Cardiology 2019, 4(8), 788-795.
    • Ayala Solares JR, Canoy D, Raimondi FED, Zhu Y, Hassaine A, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Tran J, Copland E, Zottoli M, Pinho-Gomes A-C, Nazarzadeh M, Rahimi K. . Journal of the American Heart Association 2019, 8(12), e012129.
    • Rahimi K, Canoy D, Nazarzadeh M, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Woodward M, Teo K, Davis BR, Chalmers J, Pepine CJ. . BMJ Open 2019, 9(5), e028698.
    • Conradid N, Judge A, Canoy D, Tran J, O'Donnell J, Nazarzadeh M, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Richard Hobbs FD, Cleland JG, McMurray JJV, Rahimi K. . PLoS Medicine 2019, 16(5), e1002805.
    • Hardy J, Kuter H, Campbell M, Canoy D. . Archives of Disease in Childhood 2018, 103(8), 757-762.
    • Rahimian F, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Payberah AH, Tran J, Ayala Solares R, Raimondi F, Nazarzadeh M, Canoy D, Rahimi K. . PLoS Medicine 2018, 15(11), e1002695.
    • Tran J, Norton R, Conrad N, Rahimian F, Canoy D, Nazarzadeh M, Rahimi K. . PLoS Medicine 2018, 15(3), e1002513.
    • Vasan SK, Osmond C, Canoy D, Christodoulides C, Neville MJ, Di Gravio C, Fall CHD, Karpe F. . International Journal of Obesity 2018, 42(4), 850-857.
    • Floud S, Balkwill A, Canoy D, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V, Cairns BJ. . European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2016, 23(9), 995-1002.
    • France M, Kwok S, Soran H, Williams S, Ho JH, Adam S, Canoy D, Liu Y, Durrington PN. . International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2016, 17(7), 1089.
    • Canoy D, Cairns BJ, Balkwill A, Wright FL, Khalil A, Beral V, Green J, Reeves G. . International Journal of Cardiology 2016, 222, 1012-1018.
    • Cairns BJ, Balkwill A, Canoy D, Green J, Reeves GK, Beral V. . European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2015, 22(12), 1626-1634.
    • Canoy D, Beral V, Balkwill A, Wright FL, Kroll ME, Reeves GK, Green J, Cairns BJ, Abbiss H, Abbott S, Allen N, Armstrong M, Banks E, Benson V, Black J, Bradbury K, Brown A, Canfell K, Crossley B, Ewart D, Ewart S, Fletcher L, Floud S, Gathani T, Gerrard L, Goodill A, Guiver L, Lingard I, Kan SW, Kirichek O, Langston N, Liu B, Luque M-J, Moser K, Pank L, Pirie K, Shaw K, Sherman E, Sherry-Starmer E, Strange H, Sweetland S, Timadjer A, Tipper S, Travis R, Wright L, Yang O, Young H. . Circulation 2015, 131(3), 237-244.
    • Canoy D, Barber TM, Pouta A, Hartikainen AL, McCarthy MI, Franks S, Jarvelin MR, Tapanainen JS, Ruokonen A, Huhtaniemi IT, Martikainen H. . European Journal of Endocrinology 2014, 170(6), 863-872.
    • Floud S, Balkwill A, Canoy D, Wright FL, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V, Cairns BJ. . BMC Medicine 2014, 12(1), 42.
    • Yang TO, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V, Cairns BJ, Abbiss H, Abbott S, Armstrong M, Balkwill A, Benson V, Black J, Bradbury K, Brown A, Buron A, Cairns B, Canoy D, Chadwick A, Crossley B, Crowe F, Ewart D, Ewart S, Fletcher L, Floud S, Gathani T, Gerrard L, Goodill A, Guiver L, Hozak M, Kan SW, Key T, Kirichek O, Kroll M, Langston N, Lingard I, Luque MJ, Moser K, Pank L, Pirie K, Shaw K, Sherman E, Sherry-Starmer E, Schmidt J, Strange H, Sweetland S, Timadjer A, Tipper S, Travis R, Trickett L, Wright L, Young H. . Annals of Oncology 2014, 25(9), 1836-1843.
    • Canoy D, Cairns BJ, Balkwill A, Lucy Wright F, Green J, Reeves G, Beral V. Coronary heart disease incidence in women by waist circumference within categories of body mass index. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2013, 20(5), 759-762.
    • Canoy D, Cairns BJ, Balkwill A, Wright FL, Green J, Reeves G, Beral V. Body mass index and incident coronary heart disease in women: A population-based prospective study. BMC Medicine 2013, 11(1), -.
    • Canoy D, Luben R, Welch A, Bingham S, Wareham N, Day N, Khaw KT. . American Journal of Epidemiology 2004, 159(12), 1140-1149.
    • Canoy DS, Hart AR, Todd CJ. Epidemiology of duodenal ulcer perforation: a study on hospital admissions in Norfolk, United Kingdom. Digestive and Liver Disease 2002, 34(5), 322-7.

  • Conference Proceedings (inc. Abstract)

    • Calero-Diaz H, Hamad RA, Atallah C, Casement J, Canoy D, Reynolds NJ, Barnes M, Missier P. . In: IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData 2023). 2023, Sorrento, Italy: IEEE.

  • Editorials

    • Lin G-M, Canoy D. . Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2022, 9, 1069629.
    • Canoy D, Rahimi K. . Heart 2021, 107(13), 1024-1025.
    • Henry A, Canoy D. . Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2020, 7, 569735.

  • Letters

    • Rahimi K, McManus R, Wamil M, Chalmers J, Canoy D. . The Lancet 2022, 399(10333), 1380-1380.
    • Rahimi K, Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, Copland E, Canoy D. . The Lancet 2021, 398(10312), 1684-1685.

  • Notes

    • Canoy D, Harvey NC, Prieto-Alhambra D, Cooper C, Meyer HE, Asvold BO, Nazarzadeh M, Rahimi K. . Osteoporosis International 2022, 33(10), 2241.
    • Li Y, Rao S, Hassaine A, Ramakrishnan R, Canoy D, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Mamouei M, Lukasiewicz T, Rahimi K. . Scientific Reports 2021, 11(1), 22254.
    • Ayala Solares JR, Diletta Raimondi FE, Zhu Y, Rahimian F, Canoy D, Tran J, Pinho Gomes AC, Payberah AH, Zottoli M, Nazarzadeh M, Conrad N, Rahimi K, Salimi-Khorshidi G. . Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2020, 101, 103337.
    • Canoy D, Rahimi K. . BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 2018, 23(5), 189-190.
    • Canoy D. . Preventive Medicine 2014, 69, 317-318.

  • Reviews

    • Canoy D, Nazarzadeh M, Copland E, Bidel Z, Rao S, Li Y, Rahimi K. . Current Cardiology Reports 2022, 24(7), 851-860.
    • Pinho-Gomes A-C, Azevedo L, Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, Canoy D, Copland E, Salam A, Rodgers A, Kotecha D, Rahimi K. . Journal of Hypertension 2019, 37(9), 1757-1767.
    • Canoy D, Yang TO. . BMJ Clinical Evidence 2015, 10, 325.